The Bloody Lane, September 17, 1862

(for larger views, click on the images)

An eighth of a mile south of the Dunker church a country lane runs zigzag east and south from the Hagerstown road, going for a quarter of a mile under the lee of a long hill, climbing to a plateau for another quarter mile, and there making a sharp elbow as it turns south...



By years of usage and erosion this lane had been worn down several feet below the surface of the ground, and it was bordered on both sides by snake-rail fences. (Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, 1951 pp. 291-292)


 The blood-soaked sunken lane that became a charnel house that late summer day had for decades been a simple rural shortcut. it wandered across the pastoral countryside, taking advantage of terrain anomalies to get from the Hagerstown Pike to the Keedysville Road while bypassing the village of Sharpsburg.

 In covering that convenient route, the wagon road formed the jagged hypotenuse of a triangle, the larger roads being its legs, Rain and usage by farm wagons had worn most of the lane down to a depth of two or three feet, in places more than that. (Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 p. 224)



On the night of September 16, 1862, Anderson’s Brigade bivouacked on either side of the Boonsboro Turnpike near the end of the sunken Road. (War Department tablet No. 336, Antietam National Battlefield)

On the northern side the Rebels had taken these rails down and piled them in a low breastwork, and they were lined up strongly in the low road behind this obstruction, as securely entrenched as if they had been digging all night...



... Lying below the brow of the hill, the lane could not be reached by federal artillery. The men who defended it were almost wholly protected; the men who tried to take it would have to advance in the open, exposed to a crippling fire. It was as nasty a strong point as the army ever ran up against: the famous sunken road, known forever after as Bloody Lane. (Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, 1951 pp. 291-292)

The Alabamians and North Carolinians crouching in the hollowed-out wagon way were veteran troops, confident and extraordinarily well led. Division commander Harvey Hill fell far short of the mark as an administrator, but he clearly was one of those rare men who thrived in battle, rather than merely facing a stern duty with poise and determination. (Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 p. 225 )

On paper, French’s 5,700 men held a better than two to one advantage over the 2,600 Confederate defenders. Severely mitigating factors rendered these odds meaningless: first, the division had been formed but three days before and lacked cohesion; second, almost 3,000 of its strength came from green regiments just mustered into the service; third, French attacked with a single brigade at a time; fourth, he made no attempt to maneuver but came frontally against the Sunken Road; and fifth, the strong Confederate position amounted to natural rifle pits that had been strengthened by piled fence rails as breastworks. (Joseph L. Harsh, Taken At The Flood, 1999 p. 395)


With battle flags waving and bayonets shining in the morning sun, the long lines of French’s division advanced southward in almost perfect precision toward the Confederate position at the sunken road. G.B. Anderson’s North Carolina brigade and Rodes’s Alabama brigade waited in the lane, using it as a trench...

...Rodes and his men heard the incongruous sound of music played by bands beyond the crest about 100 yards to their front.  The mystery ended when the enemy battle standards rose above the ridge followed by a sea of Federal soldiers marching in perfect battle formation.  (Darrell l. Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes of the Army of Northern Virginia, 2008, p. 166)

As the Union lines pressed steadily closer, hundreds of Confederates peered along the sights of leveled rifles, awaiting the command to open fire, The tension mounted with each passing moment – the union lines being allowed to advance until the features of individual faced could be distinguished by the Southern riflemen. (Ibid. p.202)




War of the Rebellion Official records of the union and Confederate Armies, Series I. Vol 19, Part I reports,1887.  Report of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball, U.S. Army, commanding First Brigade, French’s Division

…Directly on my front, in a narrow road running parallel with my line, and, being washed by water, forming a natural rifle-pit between my line and a large corn-field, I found the enemy in great force, as also in the corn-field in rear of the ditch.


Gordon: My troops held the most advanced position on this part of the field …the predicted assault came. The men in blue…formed in my front, an assaulting column four lines deep. The front line came to a “charge bayonets,” the other lines to a “right shoulder shift.” The brave union commander…placed himself in front…It was a thrilling spectacle. Their gleaming bayonets flashed like burnished silver in the sunlight. As we stood looking upon that thrilling pageant, I thought, if I did not say, “What a pity to spoil with bullets such a scene of martial beauty!” (James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets, 1965 pp.249-250)


As the blue host crested the ridge, officers halted the men to fix bayonets – an ominous indication of the expectation of closing with the Rebels before them. The men marched a little farther, halted again in perfect order about 80 yards off, raised their muskets, and fired a crashing volley into the Sunken Road position. (Darrell L. Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes of the Army of Northern Virginia, 2008 p. 166)




War of the Rebellion Official records of the union and Confederate Armies, Series I. Vol 19, Part I reports,1887.  Report of Brig. Gen. Nathan Kimball, U.S. Army, commanding First Brigade, French’s Division

As my line advanced to the crest of the hill, a murderous fire was opened upon it from the entire force in front. My advance farther was checked, and for three hours and thirty minutes the battle raged incessantly, without either party giving way.


The Confederates had been in the road for about one hour when Weber’s men swarmed to the crest of the ridge directly opposite Gordon, who described the opening volleys in breathless prose: “With all my lung power I shouted ‘Fire!” (Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 p. 231)





…Rifles flamed and roared in the Federals’ faces like a blinding blaze of lightning accompanied by the quick and deadly thunderbolt. The effect was appalling. The entire front line, with few exceptions, went down in the consuming blast.” (Ibid. p. 231)

…a long sheet of flame ran from end to end of the sunken road, a wave of smoke drifted up the hillside, and the yankee charge ceased to look like a holiday parade. The first line of the assaulting wave was almost torn to pieces. The men halted, tried to re-form, and the Southerners, reloading with desperate haste, stood up and whacked in another volley. (Bruce Catton, Mr. Lincoln’s Army, 1951, p. 292)

The Confederates could hardly miss at that range, and large numbers of men fell, especially those in the First Delaware. After bravely withstanding the devastating fire for a full five minutes, the Federals fell back behind the crest...

...where they quickly rallied and, with the support of a fresh brigade, came on again. (Darrell L. Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes of the Army of Northern Virginia, 2008 p. 167)

Gordon: Before the rear lines could recover, my exultant men were on their feet, devouring them with successive volleys.  (James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets, 1965 p.250)



Colonel Gibson decided to attack. perhaps the most remarkable aspect of Confederate defense of the Bloody lane was the series of incredibly brave – and unredeemably foolish – attacks launched out of the road toward the enemy. Throughout the defense of the position by the two brigades that held it from the beginning, fecklessly aggressive officers had sent forlorn hopes forward toward the parallel enemy high ground. (Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 p. 243)







Richardson came on strong. he had personally led his division as the advance unit pursuing Lee after South Mountain, and here he was in personal command again. The division made an impressive sight, the band drumming the march, the Irish Brigade in front, green flag fluttering in the breeze. (James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets, 1965 p.254)



Gen. Thomas F. Meagher’s Irish Brigade – a stout organization, albeit grotesquely magnified in twentieth-century imaginations – fought opposite the North Carolinians and was badly used up in a static firefight. (Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 pp. 244-245)



War of the Rebellion Official records of the union and Confederate Armies, Series I. Vol 19, Part I reports,1887.  Report of Brig. Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher, U.S. Army, commanding Second (Irish) Brigade
…My orders were, that, after the first and second volleys delivered in line of battle by the brigade, the brigade should charge with fixed bayonets on the enemy. .. I permitted them to deliver their five or six volleys, and then personally ordered them to charge upon the rebel columns…relying on the impetuosity and recklessness of Irish soldiers in a charge, felt confident that before such a charge the rebel column would give way and be dispersed.


War of the Rebellion Official records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I. Vol 19, Part I reports,1887.  Report of Lieut. Col. Vincent M. Wilcox, One hundred and thirty-second Pennsylvania Infantry

…When our men were nearly exhausted of strength and ammunition, you directed me to fix bayonets and charge upon the rifle-pits, but at this moment the Irish Brigade came up and joined our men in the charge. The drove the enemy from their stronghold and captured some 300 prisoners, including a number of officers.

Then it was “Forward” into the fray. Onward went Israel “Dick” Richardson’s division until it was within thirty yards of the Sunken Road. Men were falling all around. Confederate General G.B. Anderson fell mortally wounded. Robert Rodes was hit in the thigh. Gordon took three bullets, but remained on his feet...




In the midst of the smoke, death, and destruction was Richardson on foot leading his men, his face blackened with powder, sword drawn and pointing at the enemy, he was yelling at the top of his voice...



…by now one Confederate draped over the rail fence had seventeen bullets in his body.  (John W. Schildt, Drums Along the Antietam, 2004 pp. 127-128) 

In the end, Richardson nearly repeated French’s performance. Attacking over much the same ground and committing a single brigade at a time, he nearly exhausted Meagher and Caldwell without taking the road. Only with the advance of Col. John Brooke’s five regiments, the last fresh brigade of the Second Corps, did the Confederates finally retreat from the Sunken Road. Shortly after one o’clock the Federals finally held the key to the field on the Confederate left. (Joseph L. Harsh, Taken At The Flood, 1999 p. 397)


War of the Rebellion Official records of the union and Confederate Armies, Series I. Vol 19, Part I reports,1887.  Report of Capt. Julius Wehle, Sixty-sixth New York Infantry

…We pressed forward across the hill, and came in full sight of the enemy…By a successful flank movement we here assisted in resisting the enemy’s attempt to turn our right. n Then came the order to drive the enemy from their strong position on the left…Here now was the terrific part of the engagement. The men were falling thick and fast but never faltering. The battalion pressed forward an completely routed the enemy, who fled in a disorganized mass, leaving the field strewn with their dying and dead.


...rebel reinforcements emerging from the battered corn behind the sunken road mingled in confusion with men in the line or hung back under cover. At the far end of the rebel line, and order to reposition one regiment was misunderstood and two regiments pulled pack in retreat. Alert and aggressive, Colonel Francis Barlow pushed his New Yorkers into the gap, a position that enabled them to fire down the sunken road. With that, a line that had stood for two hours gave way in minutes; the Rebels turned and fled… (Mike Pride Mark Travis, My Brave Boys: To War with Colonel Cross and the Fighting Fifth, 2001, p. 135)

Caldwell steadily gained ground and pushing forward broke the line from shallow to the crest of the road bed, sweeping Wright’s and Anderson’s Brigades back to the south side of the road and on into Piper’s cornfield. Now only Rodes was left, still entrenched in the sunken part of the road. Barlow’s 61st New York swung to its left facing Rodes’s right. The Confederates were making a desperate attempt to hold, by now firing over their comrade’s bodies. The fire was a intense as it was on any part of the field that day, but the Federals were now on the crest of the ridge and on the road, firing down… now nothing could save the vulnerable Rebels.  (James V. Murfin, The Gleam of Bayonets, 1965 pp. 257-258)



The sunken road that had served the Confederates so well became a deadly trap as soon as its integrity was compromised. ( Robert K. Krick, The Antietam Campaign, edited by Gary W. Gallagher, 1999 p. 246 )


Confederates driven from the Bloody Lane by Barlow and Miles attributed much of the eventual collapse to internal misunderstandings. An officer of the 4th North Carolina described how “the men of different regiments became mixed with each other so that all distinct organization…was broken up, and all identity lost”. Colonel Bennett of the 14th wrote aptly of “confusion that seemed remediless.” (Ibid. p. 245)



Confusion and chaos coursed up and down the line. The Yankees poured into the road from which Anderson’s and Rodes’ men had fought and died for three hours in a defensive stand that would forevermore tag the position as the Bloody lane. The triumphant Federals shot down scores of Alabamians, converting their withdrawal into a rout. (Darrell L. Collins, Major General Robert E. Rodes of the Army of Northern Virginia, 2008 p. 169)


Richardson’s success was visible from army headquarters and, although not a part of his plan, was eagerly welcomed by a commanding general for whom the past few hours had brought nothing but bad news. “By George,” McClellan exclaimed as he watched Richardson seize Bloody lane, “this is a magnificent field, and if we win this fight it will cover all our errors and misfortunes forever!” (Ethan S. Rafuse, McClellan’s War, 2005,  p.320)


In sum…the Federals poured 10,565 fresh troops into the battle and suffered 3,020 casualties (28.6 percent). The Confederates added 6,723 new troops to the fray and lost 2,508 (37.3 percent) of them. (Joseph L. Harsh, Taken At The Flood, 1999, p. 397)








…But most of the fallen men received a rough burial at best. A local man wrote that the surrounding property was “as common for graves as the cornstalks are on a forty acre field”. Seven hundred men killed in or near Bloody Lane were buried on William and Margaret Roulette’s farm. (Kathleen Ernst, Too Afraid To Cry:Marylalnd Civilians in the Antietam Campaign, 1999, p.163)




The bloodstains and bones confronted many residents for years. In the years after the battle it was not uncommon for Sharpsburg or South Mountain residents to unearth human remains while plowing or pulling stones or after a hard rain. (Ibid. p.235)

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Production note: I began this project in early August when I removed a tarp from my front lawn that had been there since last summer.  The delightfully bare patch that was revealed below it called out for a special project, one that included toy soldiers.  Over a period of many weeks, with breaks for inclement weather, cloudy days, and other commitments, I daily staged the various phases of the Sunken Road fight.  Using existing narrative by some really outstanding historians I had the captions ready-made,  The hard part was composing this post and keeping the neighbors' curious cats away from the battleground.

I hope you've enjoyed looking in on this post and I also hope that you've gained a little more understanding of the Sunken Road phase of the Battle of Antietam.  To see the real thing come to Antietam National Battlefield in Sharpsburg Maryland.  

I'll see you there!

As always I welcome your comments and questions (and toy soldiers).

Posting again on September 15th.

Mannie

A new Civil War enthusiast.

In an effort to keep the ball rolling, I sent a carton of miscellaneous toy soldiers to a little boy  and girl here in Maryland; they're the children of a friend of mine.

It's sort of a mission of mine to do for other children that which my parents did for me, and that is to encourage children toward an interest in toy soldiers as well as history - specifically Civil War history.

I also included one of the my Antietam coloring books that I did for the park bookstore several years ago.

He seems to be well on his way.

And a reminder by this future Park Ranger...

toy soldiers are as much for girls as they are for boys.

I think my work here is done.

On to the next little boy or girl.


Soldier on!

Mannie

The book that launched a thousand careers.

The Golden Book of the Civil War: the book that launched a thousand careers.

Little Mannie had a watershed that came in three parts in close succession;  the LIFE magazine serialized series on the Civil War, a trip to Gettysburg, and The Golden Book of the Civil War.  All of this was wrapped up in the excitement of the Civil War centennial.

I am not alone in this transcendent chain of events,  When I was a Ranger at Antietam National Battlefield, countless visitors told me that the Golden Book started them on their Civil War journey.

The centennial period was enriched by many publications, movies, and books not the least of which was the classic - A Stillness at Appomattox by the legendary Bruce Catton.  This was part of his Army of the Potomac trilogy, a masterwork that engrossed countless adults.

 

For as important as Catton's works were, I argue that the Golden Book is the single most influential book on the Civil War. 

 

 Unlike the works directed toward adults, the Golden Book specifically targeted children.  The illustrations, text, and especially the maps, ignited the imagination of two generations of children, propelling them to careers as lifelong learners, Civil War authors, historians, history professors, and even Park Rangers,

 

I received my copy from my father in 1960, the very eve of the centennial

 

I think that this book and that trip to Gettysburg were my parent's enduring legacy to me.

For which I will be eternally grateful.

 

What follows, are testimonials from former boys and girls, all of whom went on to become adults with a passion for the Civil War.

 

If you don't already own this book, perhaps these first-hand accounts will inspire you to seek out this readily-available book in the second-hand market.  I urge you to acquire it for the fertile mind of a bright child if not for yourself.

 

  Let the journey begin!

In 1968 I was in first grade. My parents bought my cousin this book for Christmas. I found it in the "gift pile" and would not stop grabbing it and reading it. My mom took it from me eventually, and wrapped it up. I was heartbroken. On Christmas morning, I opened my presents and was overjoyed to find my parents had purchased me my own copy. I still have it, battered and worn. It is the single most important book in my library. I think the battle maps have never been equaled.

Dana B. Shoaf, editor-in-chief Civil War Times magazine

 

Yes! I had that book too. Indeed, I asked for the expanded version as my primary Christmas present one year. The photos of the dead, real or posed, also taught me early on that war was not a game. (Okay, that, combined with growing up in my dad's VFW post gull of vets from the Spanish-American war through Vietnam.) The second thing was the maps with all the tiny blue and gray figures, including casualties and prisoners. They gave me my first spatial understanding of battlefield terrain. They also taught me to view them more critically once I saw the real ground, when hills weren't as hilly or as rocky as the maps had suggested. But they still helped to make me a map fiend. So, yes! A pivotal work for me!

Dr. Carol Reardon, professor and historian at Penn State University

My dad passed this book down to me when I was in elementary school.  As others have mentioned, the maps absolutely captivated me!  There were many factors which influenced my interest in the Civil War from an early age, but there is no doubt that this book captured my imagination.  I have never yielded that love of history, and this week I began my first season as a Park Guide at Appomattox Court House National Historical Park.

Luke Dixon, Park Guide, National Park Service

I stared at the overhead views of battles with their human figures, for hours...and for me those images led to my engagement with the tiny plastic toy soldiers ($.59 cents per package at W.T. Grant) that still sit in a bag in my closet, though their muskets and bayonets be broken beyond recognition.  That book, my little plastic Yankees, and a trip to Antietam launched me, probably in equal proportions.

John J. Hennesy, author and National Park Service historian

I believe my copy probably came from the bookstore at Antietam...The maps and Currier & Ives paintings were indeed captivating...I believe I still have my copy packed away with my Civil War books.  Just seeing the cover brings back a lot of childhood memories and I can recall using battlefield brochures as my bookmark.

 

Charissa Beeler Hipp, former writer/editor and public affairs specialist at the Office of Communications, National Park Service

I wish those maps were available as prints...They were mesmerizing.  I still have my copy.

 

Michael Waricher

 

The 6th birthday present from my maternal grandparents.  It literally changed my life and set the course for it.  I still have it.  It will go to my oldest grandson.

George F, Franks III, Civil War author, preservationist

 

The maps, that is all I can say.  They blew my ten-year-old head apart.

 

Larry Drennan

We had that in our house.  That thing spawned generations of Civil War historians.

Tom Vincent

I used to set up battles in my sand box using the maps in the book with my toy Civil War soldiers.  That led mot me in college becoming a miniature wargamer, and later, writing books on the Civil War.

Scott Mingus Sr, Civil War author

I saw this book on a table during an elementary school library book sale in 2nd grade in 1962.  My teacher told my parents it was too old for me.  My mother said "The kid plays with toy Civil War soldiers - maybe he will learn to read." During my career I worked at the Smithsonian, National Archives, Arlington County - Fort C.F. Smith park and finished my career at Fort Ward museum as the Assistant Director...When my house burned down in the 4th grade it was the first book purchased after the fire.  That copy sits on the shelf in my library today!

 

Wally Owen, co-author of Mr. Lincoln's Forts: a Guide to the Civil War Defenses of Washington

My first Civil War book, with THE coolest maps ever.  I checked it out of the library so many times as a child that my parents bought me my own copy.

 

Eric j Wittenberg, Civil War author

I still have my copy, and a mint copy I was able to buy a few years ago.  The battle diagrams are amazing, I would stare at them for hours.

Michael Aubrecht, Civil War author

I well remember this book, and it did influence me at a very young age.  I am one of four brothers, and I think my older brother cleaned ownership of the book and still has it.  I later bought my own copy and have it still.  The maps are a favorite.

 

Tom Clemens, Civil War historian and author.

Back in school, I discovered the Golden Book of thr Civil war in the school library. I read it over and over. I couldn't put it down. I especially loved the little soldiers snd maps. My interest in the Civil War expanded over the years. Some 40 years later I found myself selling the Golden Book at the old Gettysburg National Military Park bookstore. People would come in and descibr s book that they haf as a child and I knew exactly what they wanted. I was sad when they went out of print, but they can still be purchased used and be passed on to a new generation of future historians.

 

Bernadette Loeffel-Atkins, former bookstore manager Gettysburg National Military Park

 

 

You might be right about it being the most influential CW book ever done.  Never thought of that...but you might be right.

John J. Hennesy, author and National Park Service historian

 

 

 

Soldier on!

 

Mannie

Amazing Grace

Later this spring or perhaps in early summer I'm planning to do a scenario on Civil War nurses.  I hope to follow it up with a video on the subject.

Stay tuned, and...

Soldier On!

Mannie